{"id":59139,"date":"2023-11-08T14:28:02","date_gmt":"2023-11-08T13:28:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/libmod.de\/?p=59139"},"modified":"2024-05-22T18:47:52","modified_gmt":"2024-05-22T16:47:52","slug":"network-russia-policy-brief-ukraine-war-poland-kononczuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/libmod.de\/en\/network-russia-policy-brief-ukraine-war-poland-kononczuk\/","title":{"rendered":"View from Poland: Ukraine\u2019s Victory is Indis\u00adpensable for European Security"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Russia\u2019s war of aggression against Ukraine and its attempt to destroy Europe\u2019s post-Cold War security order have triggered a series of crises that constitute the conti\u00adnent\u2019s most severe upheavals in more than three decades. The resulting changes have the potential to funda\u00admen\u00adtally transform the entire continent. However, we are only at the beginning of this redef\u00adi\u00adn\u00adition and its final form will depend on the outcome of the war in Ukraine, writes Wojciech Kono\u0144czuk<\/em>.<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_message css=\u201c\u201d]This paper is part of our Inter\u00adna\u00adtional Expert Network Russia<\/a>. Its publi\u00adcation was supported by the German Foreign Ministry. The views expressed in the paper are the author\u2019s own.<\/p>\n

Download the PDF here<\/a>!<\/p>\n

German<\/a> and Russian versions<\/a> are published on Russlandverstehen.eu<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

[\/vc_message][vc_column_text]If someone had said in autumn 2021 that Russia would invade Ukraine, which not only would not collapse but would success\u00adfully defend its indepen\u00addence, while the West would come to its aid, Ukraine would be granted the status of an EU candidate country, and \u2013 all indica\u00adtions point to this \u2013 would soon begin accession negoti\u00ada\u00adtions, he or she would probably have been labelled a reality-denying fantasist. In the meantime, reality has exceeded all expec\u00adta\u00adtions for the umpteenth time. Ukraine and Europe are in a period of change on so many levels that the final outcome is difficult to predict due to numerous variables. However, it has the potential to completely reshape the European political and security order if managed effectively.<\/p>

\"Portrait<\/p>

Wojciech Kono\u0144czuk<\/a> is Director of the Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW) in Warsaw<\/p><\/div>\n

There are some important precon\u00addi\u00adtions for this to happen. In short, the recipe for a successful trans\u00adfor\u00admation consists of the following points. First, Ukraine must win the war, and the West should do every\u00adthing it can to support this. Second, Russia must be defeated, which requires a long-term strategy to contain its aggressive and revisionist policy. Third, Ukraine needs compre\u00adhensive security guarantees, which only NATO can provide. Fourth, Ukraine must become a member of the EU, which will have a stabi\u00adlizing impact on the entire region.<\/p>\n

The War Can Still be Won<\/h2>\n

With its aggression against Ukraine, Russia has set in motion something it did not expect at all. Sergei Lavrov was right when, shortly after the start of the invasion, he sincerely remarked that \u201cThis [war] is not about Ukraine at all, but about the world order. The current crisis is a fateful, epochal moment in modern history. It reflects the struggle over what the world order will look like.\u201d[i]<\/a> In Moscow\u2019s perception, this is a systemic, zero-sum-game conflict. Russia\u2019s strategic goals were openly spelled out in two draft treaties on security guarantees delivered to the West in December 2021, and \u2013 in Moscow\u2019s view \u2013 their substance remains unchanged[ii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The situation after almost twenty months of war is very far from Russia\u2019s original expec\u00adta\u00adtions, because Moscow has failed to achieve its strategic objec\u00adtives. The European and American response to the aggression has sent a strong signal that, to Moscow\u2019s great surprise, the West won\u2019t allow attempts to change the European order by military means.<\/p>\n

Russia\u2019s unpro\u00advoked aggression not only caused a historic split between two once close nations that \u2013 when the war is over \u2013 will take gener\u00ada\u00adtions to reconcile. Russia has also effec\u00adtively excluded itself from Europe, at least until the end of the Putin regime. One of the many lessons learned from the ongoing war is that the European security archi\u00adtecture cannot be stable without integrating Ukraine, which \u2013 in turn \u2013 is impos\u00adsible without Ukraine\u2019s victory.<\/p>\n

However, there are still many challenges ahead, and the most important is ensuring a stable supply of military equipment, financial and other assis\u00adtance, which Ukraine desper\u00adately needs. Current U.S. and European support for Ukraine remains solid, and it appears that there are no longer any taboos on supplies. But many uncer\u00adtainties remain in the medium and long term. One of them is the speed and volume of deliv\u00aderies, which suggest that the U.S. and some other allies are afraid of a possible escalation if things go too well for the Ukrainians, which \u2013 according to the their perception \u2013 could provoke the Kremlin to use nuclear weapons, for example. This de facto self-restraint, especially by the United States, a key NATO country and major donor of military aid to Ukraine, is a de facto gift to Russia and does not so much deter escalation as prolong the war. In Poland\u2019s view, shared by NATO eastern flank states with the exception of Hungary, there should be no self-restraint, because that only convinces Russia of the West\u2019s alleged weakness and indecisiveness.<\/p>\n

Ukraine\u2019s counterof\u00adfensive began in June 2023, but no signif\u00adicant progress has been observed on the battle\u00adfield. Since the dynamics of any war are only partially predictable, the current stalemate on the front may soon change. However, Russian forces do not seem to be in a position to further expand on Ukrainian territory. The open question is whether and to what extent Ukraine will be able to regain lost territories.<\/p>\n

The West Should Step up Sanctions<\/h2>\n

Continued arms shipments to Ukraine must be accom\u00adpanied by consistent sanctions and other measures to impair Moscow\u2019s military capabil\u00adities and further isolate and delegit\u00adimize the Putin regime. An obvious prereq\u00aduisite is that the Western community remain consol\u00adi\u00addated and coherent and continue to be able to speak with one voice. Russia is feeling the effects of sanctions, which are seriously damaging but not killing its economy. Nor is it likely to collapse in the foreseeable future. The shock of the sanctions has hit most of the Russian economy, but Moscow seems to have coped.<\/p>\n

In its economic policy, the Kremlin has two main goals: maintaining social stability and securing money for the army. Raw materials remain the most important part of its exports, and Russia is indeed finding alter\u00adnative markets to the already closed tradi\u00adtional Western markets, but revenues are much lower. The most optimistic scenario for the Russian economy, however, is stagnation. The sanctions, especially techno\u00adlogical ones, lead to a lack of economic devel\u00adopment. Their cumulative effect for the economy will likely grow, but it should also be remem\u00adbered that the analysis of the current situation becomes more difficult because the Kremlin has restricted some statis\u00adtical information.<\/p>\n

The West must think as soon as possible not only about additional sanctions, but about how to tighten them. This is because Russia is learning how to circumvent Western measures through a chain of inter\u00adme\u00addi\u00adaries \u2013 both states and corporate struc\u00adtures. Secondary sanctions could be a solution, but the West \u2013 especially the EU \u2013 still need to learn how to apply them.<\/p>\n

NATO Should Adapt and Absorb Ukraine<\/h2>\n

Another critical step is the ongoing, but not yet completed, adjustment of NATO to the direct security threat that is likely to remain for the longer term. Russian aggression has shifted the Alliance\u2019s centre of attention to its eastern flank, which \u2013 with the accession of Finland and (not yet completed) Sweden \u2013 is changing the strategic situation in that part of Europe. Since we do not know the outcome of the war, NATO must strengthen its deter\u00adrence and defence.<\/p>\n

The Vilnius summit in July 2023 brought some positive changes, most notably a partial return to the defence planning processes and struc\u00adtures that NATO put in place during the Cold War[iii]<\/a>. The best way to further contain Russia is to show strength, unity, and deter\u00admi\u00adnation to act. If we are to force Moscow to de-escalate, we must demon\u00adstrate our deter\u00admi\u00adnation to adapt to the new security situation. This is deeply embedded in Russian strategic culture and is a language the Kremlin under\u00adstands best. Other necessary measures related to deter\u00adrence should include an official denun\u00adci\u00adation of the NATO-Russia Founding Act, which is being lobbied by Poland and other CEE countries. The current approach by some key NATO members, including the U.S. and Germany, of not touching it is wrong, as it defiantly deepens Russian percep\u00adtions of the prevailing culture of dialogue. This is one of the examples where Russia\u2019s neigh\u00adbours, including Poland, advocate a tougher and more decisive stance toward Moscow, which goes beyond the consensus among NATO members.<\/p>\n

One of the most debated and contro\u00adversial issues is the best framework for cooper\u00adation between Ukraine and NATO. Poland and most countries on the eastern flank see Ukraine\u2019s membership in the Alliance as the only way to stop Russian revan\u00adchism and achieve lasting peace. However, the Vilnius summit in July, which repeated the Bucharest formula from 2008, which declared the intention to admit Ukraine one day \u201cwhen allies agree and condi\u00adtions are met\u201d, did not send a clear message that Kyiv can hope for membership soon. Many NATO states, including the United States and Germany, cannot envision Ukraine\u2019s membership as long as there is a war with an uncertain outcome.<\/p>\n

Relations between NATO and Ukraine have trans\u00adformed enormously in recent years. Ukraine is no longer viewed through the prism of \u201cRussia\u2019s natural sphere of interest\u201d as it used to be (which is still the case with Belarus). The attitude of the Ukrainian public towards integration with NATO has also changed dramat\u00adi\u00adcally. Before the Revolution of Dignity in 2013\/\u200b2014, Ukrainians were more likely to see the Alliance as a threat rather than a potential protector[iv]<\/a>. As late as in early 2022, Kyiv did not rule out the possi\u00adbility that Ukraine might consider nonaligned status under certain condi\u00adtions. The full-scale Russian invasion resulted in a revolu\u00adtionary turnaround, raising support for NATO integration to 83 per cent, while only 6 per cent oppose it[v]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The West is in the process of devel\u00adoping a set of security commit\u00adments and arrange\u00adments for Ukraine beyond NATO in the form of an interim solution. Long-term commit\u00adments to provide Ukraine with a stable supply of military equipment and ammunition for its future defence are very important, but not enough \u00ad\u2013 not least because many details remain undecided. The time until the next NATO summit in Washington in July 2024 should be used to find a solution and to issue Ukraine a formal invitation to NATO. This already would have a huge impact on the security archi\u00adtecture, but, again, only Ukraine\u2019s membership in the Alliance would be the long-awaited \u201cgame changer\u201d for the stabil\u00adi\u00adsation of the European security architecture.<\/p>\n

A Watershed Moment for Europe<\/h2>\n

Since the first day of the war, the fact that a watershed moment in European history had been reached, and that not only the future of Central and Eastern Europe but the European security system was at stake, was recog\u00adnized at least in some countries. Although some EU capitals prepared for Ukraine\u2019s quick collapse, the NATO Eastern flank nations were ready to support Ukraine in a decisive war. The Baltic countries and Poland were not only the first to send military equipment to Ukraine, but supplied many weapons at the expense of their own defence capacity.<\/p>\n

On 28 February 2022, the presi\u00addents of those four countries, joined by the leaders of Czechia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Bulgaria, issued a statement supporting Ukraine\u2019s European integration. Not coinci\u00adden\u00adtally, on the same day, President Zelensky, draped in sandbags in his office for fear of Russian saboteurs, signed Ukraine\u2019s EU membership appli\u00adcation. Some might say \u2013 madness and lack of reality. But it soon became apparent that this was a visionary step. The Ukrainian President sensed the historic moment. The contin\u00adu\u00adation of this story is already known \u2013 in June 2022, Ukraine was granted a candidate status, and it seems that by the end of 2023, the EU will give the green light for opening accession talks with Kyiv. NATO and the EU membership are closely inter\u00adcon\u00adnected processes. Both are difficult but necessary steps for the stability of both Ukraine and Europe.<\/p>\n

How long it will take Ukraine to become a full-fledged member of the European Union is hard to predict. The Ukrainian government keeps repeating that it expects Ukraine to join the EU within the next two years[vi]<\/a>. This is definitely a too ambitious deadline, but the actual date will depend on two inter\u00adre\u00adlated processes.<\/p>\n

The first is the course of the urgently needed struc\u00adtural reforms in Ukraine and the outcome of the war. Never before in history has an EU member been involved in a war on its home territory, and no one knows how to reconcile EU accession with a over 1,000 km long front line. Unprece\u00addented events are common\u00adplace today, but in this respect Ukraine and the EU are entering uncharted waters. Ukraine, fighting its existential war, needs systemic trans\u00adfor\u00admation to prove its credibility.<\/p>\n

The second process is a trans\u00adfor\u00admation of the EU. Discussion has already begun about the bloc\u2019s future shape and possible internal reforms, including the voting system[vii]<\/a>. Germany, France, and some other members have made it clear that enlargement to include Ukraine, Moldova, and the Western Balkans must be preceded by crucial EU reforms. This logic is opposed by other members, including Poland, who argue that the two processes should not be combined. In particular, because antic\u00adi\u00adpated disputes over the content and substance of EU reform, which requires approval by all 27 member states, may effec\u00adtively postpone enlargement.<\/p>\n

The EU is unthinkable without Ukraine<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The good news is that EU officials do not only agree that the EU, in the words of Ursula von der Leyen, \u201cis unthinkable without Ukraine and the Western Balkans\u201d,\u201d but also that the political climate in key EU countries seems to have changed in recent months regarding the new EU \u2018big bang\u2019 enlargement. This is something that was unimag\u00adinable just two years ago, when voices \u2013 especially loud in Central Europe \u2013 about Ukraine\u2019s or Moldova\u2019s European integration were put off as \u201croman\u00adticism\u201d or \u201clack of political reality\u201d. This is one of many signs of how much European history, pushed by the Kremlin, has sped up. This process would also not be possible without changing the mental map, especially in the western part of the continent. It seems that in the minds of many Ukraine has finally been admitted, despite the fact that EU membership may still be further away.<\/p>\n

But the European integration process is two-sided. For about a decade or so, Ukrainian attitudes toward this were ambiguous \u2014 about 40 per cent of respon\u00addents were in favour, and a similar number were against[viii]<\/a>. The change in attitudes was accom\u00adpanied by a profound identity change in Ukrainian society, triggered by the Revolution of Dignity and the subse\u00adquent Russian aggression. By 2021, two-thirds of Ukrainians were in favour of EU integration. After the full-scale Russian invasion, Ukrainian society\u2019s support for EU membership skyrocketed: With 85 per cent support, Ukrainians are one of the most EU-friendly societies in Europe[ix]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

However, realis\u00adti\u00adcally one must admit that the unifi\u00adcation of Europe will take a long time, and that there will be many stumbling blocks in the process. The growth of radical, anti-European, far-right political forces (such as the German AfD, the Dutch Party of Freedom, or the French Rally Nationale) boldly moving toward the political mainstream will be a challenge to Europe speaking more or less with one voice. Also, possible economic turmoil could reduce enthu\u00adsiasm for the accession of Ukraine and other countries. As many as 63 per cent of the EU public surveyed are generally positive about offering membership to Ukraine.  The most supportive are respon\u00addents in Portugal (81 per cent), Lithuania (77 per cent) and Poland (72 per centand lowest in Germany (49 per cent), France (51per cent) and the Nether\u00adlands (54 per cent)[x]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Russia deter\u00admined to keep on fighting<\/h2>\n

While working on EU and NATO integration and imple\u00admenting radical reforms, Ukraine is at the same time forced to fight a defensive war and try to regain lost terri\u00adtories. For its part, the Kremlin is deter\u00admined to achieve its goals in Ukraine and Putin currently has no exit strategy that would allow him to save face. Russia\u2019s overall goals against Ukraine have not changed, but its tactics have evolved. Russia believes that time is playing in its favour and that it can wait until the U.S. political constel\u00adlation changes and possibly Donald Trump (or a Trump-like president) returns to the White House and reverses the current American line toward the Russian-Ukrainian war. Another issue that makes Moscow hope are the mounting problems in the EU, which could eventually lead to Western unwill\u00adingness to support Ukraine, at least at current levels. Moscow is aware that the pain threshold for war and the willingness to bear its cost are much higher in Russia than in Western countries.<\/p>\n

As nearly twenty months of war have shown, the Kremlin has repeatedly miscal\u00adcu\u00adlated and its assump\u00adtions have proven wrong, demon\u00adstrating that it is not a good idea to impose its own thinking on the West. Russia has been surprised or even lost about the consol\u00adi\u00addated Western position on Ukraine and its continued support. However, the Russian regime has no choice but to continue the aggression, as any conces\u00adsions from Ukraine are out of question. Putin has de facto become hostage to the conflict he started.<\/p>\n

Yet, at present there is no critical mass in the West that could force Kyiv to make conces\u00adsions. At the same time, Moscow cannot bring about a favourable solution on the front lines and has long been on the defensive as the Ukrainian side dictates the rhythm of this war, even though its counterof\u00adfensive, which has been underway since June, has had little effect so far. Therefore, Russia is holding on to its terri\u00adtorial gains and playing for time, hoping that its deter\u00admi\u00adnation will ultimately lead to success. Tradi\u00adtionally, Moscow under\u00ades\u00adti\u00admates the deter\u00admi\u00adnation of Ukrainian society, 90 per cent of which are bent to continue to defend their country and to make no concessions.<\/p>\n

Thus, there is currently no possi\u00adbility not only to end the war, but even to freeze it. Possible diplo\u00admatic talks with Moscow would be counter\u00adpro\u00adductive, as they would raise hopes that the current Russian approach \u2013 no conces\u00adsions, pushing hard until successful \u2013 is correct. It should be clear that even if the West agrees to what Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov has called \u201cexisting terri\u00adtorial realities,\u201d this would not end the conflict but only delay it until Russia is ready for its new phase. And first and foremost, it would be a face-saving operation for Putin.<\/p>\n

Another tradi\u00adtional Russian tool is the constant threat of nuclear escalation \u2013 something Western societies and govern\u00adments are very receptive to. Although this scenario cannot completely be ruled out, it is very unlikely because it would come at an enormous cost to Russia itself. The Kremlin also regularly sends signals to blackmail Western govern\u00adments into not supplying Ukraine with long-distance weapons. Unfor\u00adtu\u00adnately, this is effective in some cases, leading to self-restraint which accom\u00admo\u00addates Russia\u2019s interests, prolongs the war, and increases Ukrainian casualties. The most recent example is Berlin\u2019s decision not to supply long-range, high-precision Taurus cruise missiles for fear of escalation[xi]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

One more paradoxical point is the West\u2019s fear of a collapse of the Russian regime or even an uncon\u00adtrolled disin\u00adte\u00adgration of the Russian Feder\u00adation as a result of military defeat. This is reminiscent of U.S. fears in the late 1980s and early 1990s of a collapse of the Soviet Union. If any lesson can be learned from these thirty-two years, it is that Western elites are constantly fearful of an even greater crisis in Russia and that they can do nothing to prevent it. At the same time, a Russian defeat \u2013 which hopefully is only a matter of time \u2013 will clearly raise a new strategic question: Russia\u2019s future and its place in the inter\u00adna\u00adtional order. There is no doubt that this and any future dialogue with Moscow will depend on the extent to which Russia proves able to funda\u00admen\u00adtally change itself and discard imperialism.<\/p>\n

The Quest for a Stable Peace<\/h2>\n

Ukraine and the rest of the Western community face many serious security challenges, primarily related to the ongoing war. The period of strategic insta\u00adbility will not end soon. As mentioned earlier, it is clear that Russia will not change its approach to the conflict it started and will remain a threat to Ukraine and the EU in the years to come[xii]<\/a>. Moscow believes that if it is more consistent, decisive, and unyielding it may ultimately achieve victory. But although it tries to put on a poker face, the Putin regime is actually weaker than we think.<\/p>\n

The current Western posture appears solid, but many strategic uncer\u00adtainties remain and are likely to increase with each month of war. The inter\u00adna\u00adtional order is at a cross\u00adroads, and there are questions over its final form and the future of inter\u00adna\u00adtional law and rules. The basis of Western strategy should be to secure Ukraine\u2019s victory and thereby force Russia to abandon all occupied terri\u00adtories. This should be accom\u00adpanied by Ukraine\u2019s integration into the EU and NATO, as only these struc\u00adtures guarantee stable devel\u00adopment and security.<\/p>\n

Effective Ukrainian resis\u00adtance buys Poland and other vulnerable countries on the eastern flank time to adjust and better equip themselves for a possible deteri\u00ado\u00adration of the military situation in the region, as well as a possible reduction in U.S. involvement in Europe and \u2013 conse\u00adquently \u2013 military presence. This is accom\u00adpanied by a lack of confi\u00addence in a common European security and defence policy, which currently hardly exists. Germany\u2019s apparent deficit of Zeiten\u00adwende in the military sphere also prompts Poland and the region to invest heavily in its own military potential. The increase in Polish defence spending to 3.9 per cent of GDP this year and more than 4 per cent in 2024 \u2013 the highest among all NATO countries and secured by bipar\u00adtisan consensus \u2013 clearly demon\u00adstrates this.<\/p>\n

At the same time, the Polish statement that \u201cwe will support Ukraine as long as it takes\u201d is strict and unalterable. Since the crucial element in Polish-Ukrainian relations is the joint perception of security threats, support for Ukraine is an indis\u00adpensable element of the security policy of any Polish government[xiii]<\/a>. Therefore, Poland declares that only Kyiv can formulate the condi\u00adtions for ending the war. This is a clear signal that Warsaw would oppose any political solution if some Western govern\u00adments decide to force Ukraine into accepting an unfavourable agreement. The negative experience with the Minsk agree\u00adments of 2014\/\u200b15 is still well remembered.<\/p>\n

And it should be empha\u00adsised that there is no political dispute in Poland over the general objec\u00adtives of the country\u2019s eastern policy, including the response to Russian aggression against Ukraine. There is a solid consensus between the outgoing Law and Justice government and the main opposition parties (which will likely soon form a new government as a result of the October 15 elections) on the issue of the Russian-Ukrainian war, Poland\u2019s response, the need to increase defence spending and mobilise greater EU support for Kyiv.<\/p>\n

In this respect, Poland\u2019s policies towards the ongoing war are similar to the Baltic countries and most countries of Central Europe. Ukraine is fighting an existential war with far-reaching and possibly \u201cexistential\u201d conse\u00adquences for the entire region. \u201cCompromise\u201d scenarios are out of question and any government in Warsaw \u2013 as well as other eastern flank capitals \u2013 will strongly advocate only a solution that brings stable peace.<\/p>\n

Other Western powers, first and foremost Germany and France, are in a different situation and can afford to take the \u201cnot exactly our war\u201d position, since their core security interests are not at stake. For this reason, it is important that any solution to end the war must be a Ukrainian decision and Western countries should not impose anything on Kyiv. Otherwise, there could be a serious upheaval among NATO allies because Poland and the other eastern flank countries will always be on the same page as Kyiv regarding peace terms, but not neces\u00adsarily with most Western countries.<\/p>\n

Finally, it is extremely important not to repeat old mistakes. Many lessons have already been learned from the Russian-Ukrainian war, but they should be inter\u00adnalised and imple\u00admented. The utter fiasco of Western strategy toward Russia before 24 February 2022 should serve as a warning to us. When this war ends, there is a historic oppor\u00adtunity to continue the conti\u00adnent\u2019s integration process, which will bring more stability and prosperity. Yes, we are still far from that moment, but some essential work in that direction has been done. In all this, we should not forget that an independent and secure Ukraine is an indis\u00adpensable element for a sustainable European security order.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

[i]<\/a> \u041b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, March 16, 2022, https:\/\/tass.ru\/politika\/14085133?utm<\/a><\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> Marek Menkiszak, Russia\u2019s blackmail of the West, OSW, December 20, 2021, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/analyses\/2021\u201312-20\/russias-blackmail-west<\/a><\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> Justyna Gotkowska, NATO Summit in Vilnius: break\u00adthroughs and unful\u00adfilled hopes, OSW, July 13, 2023, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/osw-commentary\/2023\u201307-13\/nato-summit-vilnius-breakthroughs-and-unfulfilled-hopes<\/a><\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> Before Crisis, Ukrainians More Likely to See NATO as a Threat, https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/167927\/crisis-ukrainians-likely-nato-threat.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

[v]<\/a> Support for inter\u00adna\u00adtional unions: survey in Ukraine and Europe (July 4\u201310, 2023), https:\/\/ratinggroup.ua\/en\/research\/ukraine\/p_dtrimka_m_zhnarodnih_soyuz_v_opituvannya_v_ukra_n_ta_vrop_4-10_lipnya_2023.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[vi]<\/a> Ukraine makes clear it won\u2019t accept second-class EU membership, September 28, 2023, https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/ukraine-wont-accept-second-class-eu-membership-pm-denys-shmyhal\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[vii]<\/a> Germany, France make EU reform pitch ahead of enlargement talks, September 19, 2023, https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/enlargement-neighbourhood\/news\/germany-france-make-eu-reform-pitch-ahead-of-enlargement-talks\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[viii]<\/a> Ukrainians overwhelm\u00adingly support European Integration, https:\/\/euromaidanpress.com\/2016\/04\/01\/ukrainians-overwhelmingly-support-european-integration-infographics\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[ix]<\/a> Support for inter\u00adna\u00adtional unions: survey in Ukraine and Europe (July 4\u201310, 2023), https:\/\/ratinggroup.ua\/en\/research\/ukraine\/p_dtrimka_m_zhnarodnih_soyuz_v_opituvannya_v_ukra_n_ta_vrop_4-10_lipnya_2023.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[x]<\/a> 2023 Transat\u00adlantic Trends, https:\/\/www.gmfus.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023\u201309\/TT2023_digital\u20113.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[xi]<\/a> Scholz cites risk of \u2018escalation\u2019 as reason not to send Taurus missiles to Ukraine, October 5, 2023 https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/germany-olaf-scholz-cites-risk-escalation-deliver-taurus-missiles-to-ukraine\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[xii]<\/a> Marek Menkiszak, Winning the war with Russia. The West\u2019s counter-strategy towards Moscow, OSW, April 26, 2023, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/point-view\/2023\u201304-26\/winning-war-russia<\/a><\/p>\n

[xiii]<\/a> Wojciech Kono\u0144czuk, The Polish-Ukrainian Bond Is Here to Stay, October 3, 2023, https:\/\/carnegieeurope.eu\/strategiceurope\/90686<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/i><\/p>\n

\"Textende\"[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]This paper is published in the framework of the project \u201eRussia and the West: Europe\u2019s Post War Order and the Future of Relations with Russia\u201c, which is supported by the German Foreign Ministry.  Any opinions in this paper are the author\u2019s own.<\/em><\/p>\n

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